What Type Of Animal Heard Bibo Regarding Smaug In The Hobbit

Wily dragon in J. R. R. Tolkien'south 'The Hobbit'

Fictional character

Smaug
Tolkien character
Tolkien'southward illustration "Conversation with Smaug"
In-universe information
Race	Dragon
Gender	Male
Book(s)	The Hobbit The Return of the Male monarch Unfinished Tales

Smaug (^{[T 1]}) is a dragon and the master adversary in J. R. R. Tolkien'south 1937 novel The Hobbit, his treasure and the mountain he lives in beingness the goal of the quest. Powerful and fearsome, he invaded the Dwarf kingdom of Erebor 150 years prior to the events described in the novel. A group of thirteen dwarves mounted a quest to take the kingdom back, aided by the wizard Gandalf and the hobbit Bilbo Baggins. In The Hobbit, Thorin describes Smaug as "a most specially greedy, stiff and wicked worm".^{[T 2]}

Critics have identified close parallels with what they presume are sources of Tolkien'south inspiration, including the dragon in Beowulf, who is provoked by the stealing of a precious cup, and the speaking dragon Fafnir, who proposes a expose to Sigurd.^[1] A further source may be Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 verse form The Song of Hiawatha, where Megissogwon, the spirit of wealth, is protected past an armoured shirt, but whose one weak spot is revealed past a talking bird.^[2] Commentators accept noted Smaug'due south devious, vain, and proud grapheme,^[3] and his aggressively polite way of speaking, like the British upper class.^[four]

Smaug was voiced and interpreted with performance capture by Benedict Cumberbatch in Peter Jackson's film adaptations of The Hobbit.

Story [edit]

Dragons lived in the Withered Heath across the Grey Mountains. Smaug was "the greatest of the dragons of his 24-hour interval", already centuries old at the time he was start recorded. He heard rumours of the neat wealth of the Dwarf-kingdom of Erebor, which had a prosperous trade with the Northmen of Dale. Smaug "arose and without warning came confronting King Thrór and descended on the mount in flames". After driving the Dwarves out of their stronghold, Smaug occupied the interior of the mountain for the next 150 years, guarding a vast hoard of treasure. He destroyed the town of Dale; the men retreated to the Long Lake, where they congenital Lake-town of houses on stilts, surrounded by water to guard confronting the dragon.^{[T 3]}

'The King under the Mountain is dead and where are his kin that dare seek revenge? Girion Lord of Dale is dead, and I take eaten his people like a wolf among sheep, and where are his sons' sons that dare arroyo me? I kill where I wish and none cartel resist. I laid low the warriors of old and their like is not in the world today. Then I was but young and tender. Now I am quondam and strong, strong, strong, Thief in the Shadows!' he gloated. 'My armour is similar tenfold shields, my teeth are swords, my claws spears, the daze of my tail a thunderbolt, my wings a hurricane, and my jiff death!'

—J. R. R. Tolkien, The Hobbit ^[5]

Gandalf realized that Smaug could pose a serious threat if used by Sauron. He therefore agreed to assist a party of Dwarves, led by Thrór's grandson Thorin Oakenshield, who gear up out to recapture the mountain and kill the dragon. Assuming that Smaug would not recognize the scent of a hobbit, Gandalf recruited the hobbit Bilbo Baggins to bring together the quest.^{[T iv]}

Upon reaching Erebor, the Dwarves sent Bilbo into Smaug's lair, and he was initially successful in stealing a beautiful golden loving cup as Smaug slept fitfully. Knowing the contents of the treasure hoard which he had slept upon for centuries to the ounce, Smaug quickly realized the cup'south absence upon his awakening and searched for the thief on the Mountain. Unsuccessful, he returned to his hoard to lie in wait. Having been virtually killed in the dragon's search, the Dwarves sent Bilbo downwardly the secret tunnel a second fourth dimension. Smaug sensed Bilbo'south presence immediately, even though Bilbo had rendered himself invisible with the One Ring, and accused the Hobbit (correctly) of trying to steal from him. During his soapbox with the dragon, Bilbo noticed a small bare patch on Smaug's precious stone-encrusted underbelly, and narrowly escaped. A thrush overheard Bilbo's account of the coming together, and learnt of the blank patch on Smaug's underside.^{[T 5]}

Still enraged, Smaug flew s to Laketown and set nigh destroying information technology. The townsmen'due south arrows and spears proved useless against the dragon's armoured body. The thrush told Bard the Bowman of Smaug's one weak spot, a bare patch on the dragon's abdomen. With his final arrow, Bard killed Smaug by shooting into this place.^{[T 6]}

Analysis [edit]

The dragon stopped brusque in his boasting. 'Your information is antiquated', he snapped. 'I am armoured to a higher place and below with iron scales and hard gems. No blade can pierce me.'

'I might have guessed information technology', said Bilbo. 'Truly at that place can nowhere be found the equal of Lord Smaug the Impenetrable. What magnificence to possess a waistcoat of fine diamonds!'

'Yeah, it is rare and wonderful, indeed', said Smaug absurdly pleased. He did not know that the hobbit had already caught a glimpse of his peculiar under-covering on his previous visit, and was itching for a closer view for reasons of his own. The dragon rolled over. 'Look!' he said. 'What do you say to that?'

   'Dazzlingly marvellous! Perfect! Flawless! Staggering!' exclaimed Bilbo aloud, simply what he thought inside was: 'Old fool! Why, at that place is a large patch in the hollow of his left breast as bare as a snail out of its shell!'

—J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit ^[5]

Character [edit]

Tolkien made Smaug "more than villain than monster", writes the writer and biographer Lynnette Porter; he is "stray and clever, vain and greedy, overly confident and proud."^[3] The fantasy author Sandra Unerman called Smaug "1 of the about individual dragons in fiction".^[6] The Tolkien scholar Anne Petty said that "it was dearest at first sight", describing Smaug every bit "frightening, merely surprisingly knowable".^[7]

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey notes the "cliffhanger" that Smaug spreads: he is enchanted past gold and treasure, and those who come up into contact with his powerful presence, what Tolkien describes as "the event that dragon-talk has on the inexperienced", similarly become bewildered by greed.^[4] In Shippey's view, however, the most surprising aspect of Smaug's character is "his oddly circumlocutory way of speech. He speaks in fact with the characteristic aggressive politeness of the British upper class, in which irritation and authority are in direct proportion to apparent deference or doubtfulness."^[4] In sharp contrast to this is his vanity in response to flattery, rolling over "absurdly pleased" as Tolkien narrates, to reveal his marvellously armoured belly.^[4] Shippey comments that such paradoxes, "the oscillations betwixt beast and intelligent behaviour, the contrast between creaking politeness and apparently gloating over murder" join to create Smaug's principal aspect, "wiliness".^[4]

The Christian commentator Joseph Pearce describes Smaug's weak spot as his Achilles heel, noting his boastful over-confidence in his own indestructibility, and seeing in the fact that the vulnerability is over his heart a sign that "it is the wickedness of his heart which will lead to his downfall".^[8] Pearce likens Smaug's pride to that of Achilles, whose pride leads to the decease of his best friend, and of many Greeks; and to the cockerel Chauntecleer in Geoffrey Chaucer'due south "The Nun'south Priest's Tale", where a boastful reply to the flattering fox causes the cockerel's autumn.^[8]

The Beowulf dragon [edit]

From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was a professor of English Literature at Oxford Academy. He was a prominent scholar of the Former English poem Beowulf, on which he gave a lecture at the British Academy in 1936.^{[T vii]} He described the verse form every bit 1 of his "most valued sources" for The Hobbit.^{[T 8]} Many of Smaug's attributes and behaviour in The Hobbit derive direct from the unnamed "one-time night-ravager" in Beowulf: swell age; winged, fiery, and reptilian^[a] form; a stolen barrow inside which he lies on his hoard; disturbance by a theft; and vehement revenge on the lands all about, flying and attacking at night.^[1]

The scholars of English language literature Stuart D. Lee and Elizabeth Solopova analyse the parallels between Smaug and the unnamed Beowulf dragon.^[1]

Lee and Solopova's comparison of Smaug and the Beowulf dragon^[ane]

Plot chemical element	Beowulf	The Hobbit
Ambitious dragon	eald uhtsceaða ... hat ond hreohmod ... Wæs þæs wyrmes wig / wide gesyne "sometime twilight-ravager ... hot and tearing-minded" ... "that worm's war was / widely seen"	Smaug fiercely attacks Dwarves, Laketown
Gold-greedy dragon	hordweard "treasure-guardian"	Smaug watchfully sleeps on pile of treasure
Provoking the dragon	wæs ða gebolgen / beorges hyrde, wolde se laða / lige forgyldan drincfæt dyre. "was and then furious / the barrow'south keeper wanted the enemy / with fire to revenge precious drinking-cup."	Smaug enraged when Bilbo steals gold cup
Nighttime-flying dragon	nacod niðdraca, nihtes fleogeð fyre befangen "naked hate-dragon, flying by night, wreathed in fire"	Smaug attacks Laketown with fire, by dark
Well-protected dragon's lair	se ðe on heaum hofe / hord beweotode, stanbeorh steapne; stig under læg, eldum uncuð. "the one who on high heath / hoard watched steep rock-barrow / the path upwardly to it unknown to any."	Secret passage to Smaug'due south lair and mound of treasure in rock palace under Mount Erebor
Accursed dragon-gold	hæðnum horde "a infidel hoard"	The treasure provokes Battle of Five Armies

Fafnir [edit]

Further information: Fafnir

Smaug's ability to speak, the apply of riddles, the chemical element of betrayal, his enemy'due south communication via birds, and his weak spot could all have been inspired by the talking dragon Fafnir of the Völsunga saga.^[six] Shippey identified several points of similarity between Smaug and Fafnir.^[1]

Tom Shippey's analysis of similarities between Smaug and Fafnir^[1]

Plot chemical element	Fáfnismál	The Hobbit
Killing the dragon	Sigurd stabs Fafnir'southward abdomen	Bard the Bowman shoots Smaug in the belly
Riddling to the dragon	Sigurd does non requite his name, but replies in a riddle that he has no mother or male parent	Bilbo does non give his name, but gives himself riddling names like "clue-finder", "spider web-cutter", "barrel-passenger"[T 5]
Dragon suggests betrayal	Fafnir turns Sigurd against Regin	Smaug suggests Bilbo should not trust Dwarves
Talking to birds	Dragon-blood lets Sigurd understand bird language: the nuthatches say Regin wants to betray him	A thrush hears Bilbo talk near Smaug's weakness, and tells Bard the Bowman

One-time English spell [edit]

Tolkien noted, in a joking letter of the alphabet that he was surprised to run across published in The Observer in 1938, that "the dragon bears as proper name—a pseudonym—the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb smúgan,^[xi] to squeeze through a pigsty: a depression philological jest."^{[T 8]} Critics accept explored what that jest might accept been; an 11th-century medical text Lacnunga ("Leechings, Remedies") contains the Old English language phrase wid smeogan wyrme, "against a penetrating worm" in a spell,^[10] which could besides be translated "against crafty dragons". The Old English language verb meant "to examine, to think out, to scrutinise",^[12] implying "subtle, crafty". Shippey comments that it is "appropriate" that Smaug has "the most sophisticated intelligence" in the book.^[4] All the same, Shippey notes, Tolkien has chosen the Former Norse verb smjúga, past tense smaug, rather than the Old English sméogan, past tense smeah—possibly, he suggests, because his enemies were Norse dwarves.^[thirteen]

The Vocal of Hiawatha [edit]

John Garth, writing in The Guardian, notes the similarity between Smaug's expiry from Bard's last arrow and the death of Megissogwon in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 poem The Song of Hiawatha. Megissogwon was the spirit of wealth, protected by an armoured shirt of wampum beads.^[b] Hiawatha shoots in vain, until he has simply 3 arrows left. Mama the woodpecker sings to Hiawatha where Megissogwon's only weak point is, the tuft of hair on his head, just every bit Tolkien'due south thrush tells Bard where to shoot at Smaug.^[2]

Illustrations [edit]

Tolkien created numerous pencil sketches and two pieces of more than detailed artwork portraying Smaug. The latter were a detailed ink and watercolour labelled Chat with Smaug and a crude coloured pencil and ink sketch entitled Death of Smaug.^{[fifteen] [16] [17]} While neither of these appeared in the original printing of The Hobbit due to price constraints, both have been included in subsequent editions, particularly Conversation with Smaug. Death of Smaug was used for the cover of a UK paperback edition of The Hobbit.^[18]

Adaptations [edit]

The Hobbit (film serial) [edit]

Smaug was voiced and interpreted with operation capture past Benedict Cumberbatch in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of The Hobbit.^[19] From the motion capture, Smaug's pattern was created with key frame blitheness. Weta Digital employed its proprietary "Tissue" software, which was honoured in 2013 with a "Scientific and Engineering Honor" from the University of Motion Moving picture Arts and Sciences to make the dragon every bit realistic equally possible. In addition, Weta Digital supervisor Joe Letteri said in an interview for United states of america Today that they used archetype European and Asian dragons equally inspirations to create Smaug.^[20] The Telegraph stated that Cumberbatch had "the authority to make of Smaug a cunning nemesis".^[21]

In the kickoff film, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, the audience sees simply his legs, wings, and tail, and his eye, which is showcased in the final scene of the film. Smaug is a topic of discussion among the White Council as Gandalf'southward reason to support Thorin Oakenshield'south quest.^[22]

Smaug appears in the 2d film, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. In an interview with Joe Letteri, Smaug's pattern was inverse to the wyvern-similar form shown in the film afterwards the coiffure saw how Benedict Cumberbatch performed Smaug while moving around on all four limbs.^[23]

In The Hobbit: The Boxing of the Five Armies, Smaug attacks Lake-town. He is killed by Bard with a black pointer and his body falls on the boat carrying the fleeing Master of Lake-town. It is later on revealed that Smaug's assault on Erebor was all part of Sauron's design, pregnant that Smaug and Sauron were in league with each other.^{[24] [25]}

Smaug was considered one of the highlights of the 2d film of the serial (as well as his called-for of Lake-Town in the third film); several critics hailed him as movie theater's greatest dragon. Critics also praised the visual effects company Weta Digital and Cumberbatch'southward song and motion-capture performance for giving Smaug a fully realized personality, "hiss[ing] out his words with cold-blooded vitriol".^{[26] [27]}

Others [edit]

A dragon named 'Slag' features in Gene Deitch's brief 1967 blithe film.^[28] Francis de Wolff voiced the crimson dragon in the long-lost 1968 BBC radio dramatization.^[29] Richard Boone voiced Smaug in the 1977 animated film by Rankin/Bass.^[30] In the 2003 video game release, Smaug, voiced by James Horan, appears every bit a non-histrion character, based closely on the book, whereas in the 2014 video game Lego The Hobbit, the portrayal departs more from the book; rather than ever more closely simulating the volume's characters, the scholar Carol L. Robinson notes, the engineering has allowed new fiction to exist created.^[31]

In culture [edit]

In 2012, Smaug'south wealth was estimated at $61 billion, placing him in the Forbes Fictional fifteen.^[32]

In 2011, scientists named a genus of southern African girdled lizards, Smaug.^[33] The lizards were so named later on the fictional dragon for being armoured, dwelling cloak-and-dagger, and native to Tolkien's birthplace, Bloemfontein.^[34] In 2015, a new species of shield bug was named Planois smaug, because of its size and its status "sleeping" in the researcher's collections for about 60 years until it was discovered.^{[35] [36]} An ant species has been named Tetramorium smaug.^[37]

See likewise [edit]

• List of dragons
• Glaurung

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The One-time English word wyrm, used repeatedly in Beowulf for the flying dragon, has the dictionary meaning of reptile, snake, or dragon.^[9] Tolkien accordingly uses "worm" of Smaug in The Hobbit.^{[T ix]}
2. ^ Jeff Thompson drew illustrations of Megissogwon's wampum shirt deflecting arrows for National Geographic.^[xiv]

References [edit]

Chief [edit]

This list identifies each detail'southward location in Tolkien'due south writings.

1. ^ Tolkien 1996, "The Appendix on Languages"
2. ^ Tolkien 1937, Chapter i: An Unexpected Party
3. ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A:3 "Durin's Folk"
4. ^ Tolkien 1980, Part Iii, Chapter 3: The Quest of Erebor
5. ^ ^{a b} Tolkien 1937, Affiliate 12: Inside Information
6. ^ Tolkien 1937, Chapter 14: Burn down and Water
7. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1983). Tolkien, Christopher (ed.). Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. George Allen & Unwin. ISBN978-0-04-809019-5.
8. ^ ^{a b} Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, letter No. 25., ISBN978-0-395-31555-2
9. ^ Tolkien 1937, chapter 1: An Unexpected Political party

Secondary [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Shippey's give-and-take is at Shippey, Tom (2001). J. R. R. Tolkien: Writer of the Century. HarperCollins. pp. 36–37. ISBN978-0261-10401-3. ; it is summarized in Lee, Stuart D.; Solopova, Elizabeth (2005). The Keys of Center-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. Palgrave. pp. 109–111. ISBN978-1-40394-671-three.
2. ^ ^{a b} Garth, John (9 December 2014). "Tolkien's death of Smaug: American inspiration revealed". The Guardian.
3. ^ ^{a b} Porter, Lynnette (2014). Tarnished Heroes, Charming Villains and Mod Monsters: Science Fiction in Shades of Gray on 21st Century Television. McFarland. p. 37. ISBN978-0-7864-5795-iii.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Route to Middle-Earth (Tertiary ed.). Grafton (HarperCollins). pp. 102–104. ISBN978-0-26110-275-0.
5. ^ ^{a b} Tolkien 1937, Chapter 12: "Inside Information".
6. ^ ^{a b} Unerman, Sandra (April 2002). "Dragons in Twentieth Century Fiction". Folklore. 113 (1): 94–101. doi:ten.1080/00155870220125462. JSTOR 1261010. S2CID 216644043.
7. ^ Petty, Anne C. (2004). Dragons of Fantasy (2nd ed.). Kitsune Books. p. 46. ISBN978-0979270093.
8. ^ ^{a b} Pearce, Joseph (2012). Bilbo'due south Journeying: Discovering the Hidden Meaning of the Hobbit. Saint Bridegroom Press. Affiliate ten: Dragon Pride Precedeth a Fall. ISBN978-1-61890-122-four.
9. ^ Clark Hall, J. R. (2002) [1894]. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (4th ed.). University of Toronto Printing. p. 427.
10. ^ ^{a b} Storms, Godfrid (1948). No. 73. [Wið Wyrme] Anglo-Saxon Magic (PDF). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff; D.Litt thesis for University of Nijmegen. p. 303. If a man or a beast has drunk a worm ... Sing this amuse nine times into the ear, and once an Our Father. The same charm may be sung against a penetrating worm. Sing it frequently on the wound and smear on your spittle, and accept light-green centaury, pound information technology, employ information technology to the wound and bathe with hot moo-cow's urine. MS. Harley 585, ff. 136b, 137a (11th century) (Lacnunga).
11. ^ Bosworth, Joseph; Bosworth Northcote, T. (2018). "smúgan". An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Prague: Charles Academy.
12. ^ Clark Hall, J. R. (2002) [1894]. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (quaternary ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 311.
13. ^ Shippey, Tom (13 September 2002). "Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy". Archived from the original on 14 Oct 2007.
14. ^ Thompson, Jeff (2001). "Hiawatha & Megissogwon". National Geographic. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
15. ^ "JRR Tolkien artwork on display for get-go time". BBC. one June 2018.
16. ^ Hammond, Wayne K.; Scull, Christina, eds. (2011). The art of the Hobbit. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-00744-081-eight.
17. ^ "In Focus: The hand-drawn maps from which JRR Tolkien launched Eye-earth". Country Life. ten August 2018.
18. ^ "The Hobbit or There and Back Again by Tolkien, J.R.R. (comprehend fine art by J.R.R. Tolkien)". Biblio. Archived from the original on 27 Feb 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020. The Hobbit or There and Back Again by Tolkien, J.R.R. (cover art by J.R.R. Tolkien) London: George Allen & Unwin 1975 Tertiary Edition (Paperback)... 1975... Embrace illustration of Expiry of Smaug
19. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (16 June 2011). "Benedict Cumberbatch To Vox Smaug in 'The Hobbit'". Deadline. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
20. ^ Truitt, Brian (16 December 2013). "Five things to know virtually scaly 'Hobbit' star Smaug". United states of america Today. Gannett Company.
21. ^ "Benedict Cumberbatch'southward career in pictures: from Hawking to The Child in Fourth dimension". The Daily Telegraph. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
22. ^ Fleming, Mike (16 June 2011). "Bridegroom Cumberbatch To Phonation Smaug in 'The Hobbit'". Borderline.com. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
23. ^ Sullivan, Kevin P. (twenty December 2013). "What Happened To Smaug's Other Legs? 'Hobbit' FX Expert Explains". MTV. Retrieved 24 Feb 2020.
24. ^ Hughes, Marker (8 Dec 2013). "Review - 'The Hobbit: The Desolation Of Smaug' Is Middle-Earth Magic". Forbes . Retrieved 1 July 2018.
25. ^ Corliss, Richard (9 Dec 2013). "'The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug': It Lives!". Fourth dimension. Meredith Corporation. Retrieved ane July 2018.
26. ^ De Semlyen, Nick (6 December 2013). "The Hobbit: The Pathos Of Smaug Movie Review". Empire. Bauer Media Group. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved ane July 2018.
27. ^ Wigler, Josh (9 Dec 2013). "'The Hobbit' Reviews: Become The Scoop On 'Smaug'". Viacom. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
28. ^ Lee, Stuart D. (2020). A Companion to J.R.R. Tolkien. Wiley. pp. 518–519. ISBN9781119656029 . Retrieved vii April 2020.
29. ^ "The Hobbit Total Cast Radio Drama". Internet Archive . Retrieved 24 February 2020.
30. ^ Harvey, Ryan (29 March 2011). "The Hobbit: The 1977 Animated Television Picture". Black Gate. Retrieved 26 Feb 2020.
31. ^ Ashton, Gail (2017). Medieval Afterlives in Contemporary Culture. Bloomsbury Bookish. p. 125. ISBN978-1-350-02161-7.
32. ^ "Smaug". Forbes. 2012. Retrieved eight July 2012.
33. ^ "Protect and Prosper". American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 30 Baronial 2015.
34. ^ Stanley, Edward L.; Bauer, Aaron 1000.; Jackman, Todd R.; Branch, William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras Northward. (2011). "Betwixt a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Development. Academic Press. 58 (i): 53–seventy. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.024. PMID 20816817.
35. ^ Faúndez, Eduardo (19 June 2015). "Patagonian Shield Bug Named Afterward Middle's Earth's Smaug the Dragon". Entomology Today. Annapolis, Maryland: Entomological Gild of America. Retrieved twenty March 2016.
36. ^ Carvajal, Mariom A.; Faúndez, Eduardo I.; Rider, David A. (2015). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) de la Región de Magallanes, con descripción de una nueva especie". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia (Republic of chile). 43 (one): 145–151. doi:10.4067/s0718-686x2015000100013.
37. ^ Hita Garcia, Francisco; Fisher, Brian L. (19 December 2012). "The emmet genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region—taxonomic revision of the T. kelleri and T. tortuosum species groups" (PDF). Zootaxa. Magnolia Press (3592): 1–85. ISBN978-1-77557-073-8. ISSN 1175-5334.

Sources [edit]

• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937). Douglas A. Anderson (ed.). The Annotated Hobbit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002). ISBN978-0-618-13470-0.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Center-earth, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-82760-4
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Render of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 519647821
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-29917-3

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaug

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